Approximately 257 million people have chronic hbv infection, which resulted in 887,000 deaths in 2015 fig. The entire series is needed for longterm protection. The presence of chronic hepatitis b can also lead to an increased risk of hepatotoxicity related to the administration of potent antiretroviral therapy art. Jun 12, 2017 nelson pk, mathers bm, cowie b, et al. Hepatitis b virus hbv is endemic in subsaharan africa, and despite the introduction of universal hepatitis b vaccination and effective antiviral therapy, the estimated. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis b request pdf. Over time, chronic hepatitis b can cause serious health problems, such as cirrhosis liver. Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccinepreventable diseases. Its genome is a relaxed partially doublestranded circular dna with four overlapping open reading frames orfs. The prevalence of chronic hbv infection varies geographically, from high 8%.
Senior deputy commissioner and director of the division of epidemiology and health planning, kentucky department for public health with special thanks to kathy j. Hepatitis b prevalence and epidemiology in australia b positive. Hepatitis b hb is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv that affects the liver. Jan 05, 2005 hepatitis b is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. Hbv epidemiology hbv self study hepatitis b online. Hepatitis b can be either acute shortterm or chronic longterm. In contrast to hbv, an infection with hcv becomes chronic in most cases1. The 10th leading cause of death worldwide, hbv infections result in 500 000 to 1. Patients with chronic hepatitis b have a 15% to 40% risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma hcc and a 15% to 25% risk of dying from hbvrelated liver disease. Hepatitis b is caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv, an enveloped virus containing a partially double stranded, circular dna genome, and classified within the family hepadnavirus. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a serious global health problem, with 2 billion people infected worldwide, and 350 million suffering from chronic hbv infection.
Newborns people living with someone infected with hepatitis b. Blood derived recombinant vaccine first year number es universal vaccine of infants. The result is a comprehensive account on all aspects of viral hepatitis, including rapid advances in the diagnosis, management, treatment and prevention of a complex infection, which in the case of hepatitis b, c and d may lead to severe complications including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. An epidemiological shift has not been observed yet. Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united states bo hyun kim, m. Worldwide, most people with hepatitis b were infected with the virus as an infant. It can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to lifelong infection, cirrhosis scarring of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Around 250 million people are estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis b chb 1, 2, and chb causes liverrelated death in up to onequarter of people with the disease 1. Hepatitis b virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. About 3,000 cases of hepatitis a are estimated to occur in the united. Pinkbook hepatitis b epidemiology of vaccine preventable. Epidemiology of hepatitis b in europe and worldwide journal of. According to the world health organization, about 2 billion people have been infected with hbv, of which. Hepatitis b virus background and global epidemiology.
Epidemiology of hepatitis b and hepatitis c infections and benefits of programs for hepatitis prevention in northeastern china. When the inflammation is caused by infection with the hepatitis a virus hav, the disease is called hepatitis a. Hepatitis b easl guidelines hepatitis b virus hbv infection remains a global public health problem with changing epidemiology due to several factors including vaccination policies and migration. Our estimate of hbv prevalence in 2016 differs from previous studies, potentially because we took into account the effect of infant prophylaxis and early childhood vaccination, as well as changing prevalence over time. Hepatitis b virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment. Hepatitis b has also been called type b hepatitis, serum hepatitis, homologous serum jaundice. Over time, chronic hepatitis b can cause serious health problems, such as cirrhosis liver scarring, liver cancer, and even death. Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis b. As hepatitis b is a chronic disease, identifying the. Differentiate between hbv incidence rate and hbv prevalence rate. The hepatitis b virus is globally distributed among humans. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a major public health problem and cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis b. Global epidemiology of hepatitis b and hepatitis c in people who inject drugs.
The hepatitis b vaccine is typically given as a series of 3 or 4 injections over 6 months. Universal vaccination has been expected to reduce hbv prevalence, but in some. Hbeagnegative chronic hepatitis b echb and occult hbv infection are two special clinical entities, and the prevalence and clinical. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and. Infection with the hepatitis b virus causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, and chronic infection can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma hcc. Residents of three remote villages and urban areas of jordan were assessed for seroprevalence of hepatitis b surface antigen hbsag and hbv infection. The prevalence of hbv infection varies throughout the world 44,48. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis b virus infection. Hepatitis b vaccine and hepatitis b immune globulin administered within 1224 hours after birth, followed by completion of a threedose vaccine series, has been shown to be 8998 percent effective in preventing acute and chronic hbv infection in infants born to women who are positive for both hbsag and hbeag. It is a major global health problem, and the most serious type of viral hepatitis.
Most people are asymptomatic, although some will present with complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver failure. The world can be divided into three areas where the prevalence of chronic hbv infection is high 8%, intermediate. However, an estimated 5% to 10% of adults and 85% to 95% of children develop chronic hepatitis b virus infection 47. Pdf epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv niaz ali. The various strains of hbv are quite species specific. Hcv can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis infection, ranging in severity from a mild illness that lasts only a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness resulting in cirrhosis and liver cancer. The dose of hepatitis b surface antigen is the same as that contained in mercks pediatric formulation.
The who global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, created in may, 2016, aims to achieve a 90% reduction in new cases of chronic hepatitis b and c and a 65% reduction in mortality due to hepatitis b and c by 2030. Unlike some forms of hepatitis, hepatitis b is also not. Hepatitis disease surveillance epidemiology program mecdc. The epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Epidemiology and seroprevalence rate amongst negrito tribe in malaysia med j malaysia vol 74 no 4 august 2019 321 determining the prevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis b among the orang asli also helps to identify hepatitis b potential. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. Pdf epidemiology of hepatitis b virus tanweer kumar.
Hepatitis b easl guidelines easlthe home of hepatology. Therefore, the easl guidelines for hepatitis b presents updated recommendations for the optimal management of. The epidemiology of chb is predominantly determined by the age at exposure, with about 90% of infants with the infection progressing to chronic infection, compared with only 5% of immunocompetent adults see. Hepatitis b is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Hepatitis a formerly called infectious hepatitis and hepatitis b formerly called serum hepatitis have been recognized as separate entities since the early 1940s and can be diagnosed with specific serologic tests. Hepatitis b is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the hepatitis b virus hbv. Summarize global regional trends in hbv prevalence, as defined by the world health organization. Prevalence of hepatitis b surface antigen hbsag positivity and its. Once chronic infection is established, cirrhosis occurred at an annual rate of 2% to 5% and 8% to 10% in hepatitis b e antigen hbeag. Hepatitis b vaccine 9 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 impact of hepatitis b vaccine on hepatitis b infection in the u.
The hepatitis b virus was considered by a previous iarc working group in 1993. Hepatitis b virus hbv is an enveloped, partially doublestranded dna virus that is transmitted via infected blood and bodily fluids. Examples of exposures associated with transmission that travelers may encounter include poor infection control during medical. Hepatitis b is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. Viral hepatitis is a term commonly used for several clinically similar yet etiologically and epidemiologically distinct diseases. People from endemic areas asia, africa, or injection drug users and those with highrisk sexual behaviours, are at an increased risk for infection. Vertical transmission of hepatitis b antigen in taiwan. The epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv infection is geographically diverse, with.
It has been estimated that there are 350 million chronic hepatitis b virus hbv carriers worldwide. In 1985, the authors studied the epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv in a healthy middle eastern population. Hepatitis b and c epidemiology in selected population groups. Aug 22, 2018 once chronic infection is established, cirrhosis occurred at an annual rate of 2% to 5% and 8% to 10% in hepatitis b e antigen hbeag. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is one of the major public health problems worldwide. With acute infection, symptoms develop in fewer than 5% of infants, 5 to 15% of children between the ages of 1 and 5 years and 33 to 50% of older children and adults. Hepatitis b virus hbv infection is a serious and common infectious disease of. Hepatitis b is a potentially lifethreatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis b virus hbv. Jul 26, 20 the result is a comprehensive account on all aspects of viral hepatitis, including rapid advances in the diagnosis, management, treatment and prevention of a complex infection, which in the case of hepatitis b, c and d may lead to severe complications including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mar 09, 2020 the epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Infection with the hepatitis b virus causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, and chronic infection can lead to liver fibrosis. January 2019 cors rsorcs epidemiology and prevention of vaccinepreventable diseases 5 hepatitis b f preexposure management for health care personnel with a documented series who have not had. Hepatitis b virus hbv is the prototype member of the hepadnaviridae family. Hbv is transmitted by contact with contaminated blood, blood products, and other body fluids such as semen.
Although some regions are well on their way to meeting prophylaxis and prevalence targets, all regions must substantially scaleup access to diagnosis and treatment to meet the. Pdf the epidemiology of hepatitis b, c and d in germany. Data throughout the profile are gathered from multiple sources, i. This is why most people currently living with chb in australia acquired infection early. People with chronic hepatitis b andor c virus infection remain infectious to others and. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Therefore, the easl guidelines for hepatitis b presents updated recommendations for the optimal management of hbv infection. Hepatitis b virus hbv, a small, circular, partially doublestranded dna virus in the family hepadnaviridae. West virginia viral hepatitis epidemiologic profile 2017. Hepatitis b vaccine is available in combination with haemophilus influenzae type b hib vaccine as comvax merck. An estimated 200000 to 300000 hepatitis b virus infections occur annually in the united states.
Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Hbv is classified into 8 genotypes ah on the basis of divergence of 8% or more in the nucleotide sequence. Epidemiology of hepatitis b virus infection in the united states. Technical report hepatitis b and c epidemiology in selected population groups in the eueea 1 executive summary hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv can cause acute and chronic hepatitis and potentially lead to the development of cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. The epidemiology of hepatitis b virus hbv infection in the general population in rwanda is not well known. The global burden of hepatitis b virus hbv infection is profound. Core concepts hbv epidemiology screening and diagnosis. Hepatitis a ranges in severity from a mild disease lasting several weeks to a severe disease lasting several months. Current epidemiology, prevention and treatment of hepatitis b in.